Mathematics » High School: Statistics & Probability » Conditional Probability & the Rules of Probability

Understand independence and conditional probability and use them to interpret data

• 1. Describe events as subsets of a sample space (the set of outcomes) using characteristics (or categories) of the outcomes, or as unions, intersections, or complements of other events (“or,” “and,” “not”).

  Suggested tag: cc-9-12m-s-cp-1

• 2. Understand that two events A and B are independent if the probability of A and B occurring together is the product of their probabilities, and use this characterization to determine if they are independent.

  Suggested tag: cc-9-12m-s-cp-2

• 3. Understand the conditional probability of A given B as P(A and B)/P(B), and interpret independence of A and B as saying that the conditional probability of A given B is the same as the probability of A, and the conditional probability of B given A is the same as the probability of B.

  Suggested tag: cc-9-12m-s-cp-3

• 4. Construct and interpret two-way frequency tables of data when two categories are associated with each object being classified. Use the two-way table as a sample space to decide if events are independent and to approximate conditional probabilities. For example, collect data from a random sample of students in your school on their favorite subject among math, science, and English. Estimate the probability that a randomly selected student from your school will favor science given that the student is in tenth grade. Do the same for other subjects and compare the results.

  Suggested tag: cc-9-12m-s-cp-4

• 5. Recognize and explain the concepts of conditional probability and independence in everyday language and everyday situations. For example, compare the chance of having lung cancer if you are a smoker with the chance of being a smoker if you have lung cancer.

  Suggested tag: cc-9-12m-s-cp-5

Use the rules of probability to compute probabilities of compound events in a uniform probability model

• 6. Find the conditional probability of A given B as the fraction of B’s outcomes that also belong to A, and interpret the answer in terms of the model.

  Suggested tag: cc-9-12m-s-cp-6

• 7. Apply the Addition Rule, P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A and B), and interpret the answer in terms of the model.

  Suggested tag: cc-9-12m-s-cp-7

• 8. (+) Apply the general Multiplication Rule in a uniform probability model, P(A and B) = P(A)P(B|A) = P(B)P(A|B), and interpret the answer in terms of the model.

  Suggested tag: cc-9-12m-s-cp-8

• 9. (+) Use permutations and combinations to compute probabilities of compound events and solve problems.

  Suggested tag: cc-9-12m-s-cp-9